DENGUE FEVER IN NIGERIA: EMERGING EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL STRATEGIES - A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Dengue fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) and transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It represents a major global public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Although historically under-recognized in Africa, increasing evidence suggests that dengue virus is actively circulating in several African countries, including Nigeria. However, the true burden of disease in Nigeria remains poorly defined due to weak surveillance systems, limited diagnostic capacity, and frequent misdiagnosis as malaria and other febrile illnesses.

This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on dengue fever with emphasis on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention and control strategies in Nigeria. A comprehensive review of published studies indicates that dengue virus exposure has been reported in multiple Nigerian states, suggesting ongoing transmission. The clinical presentation is often non-specific, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe dengue with plasma leakage and hemorrhagic complications. Laboratory diagnosis remains a major challenge due to limited access to molecular and antigen-based diagnostic tools.

Control strategies in Nigeria rely mainly on vector control measures, environmental sanitation, and community engagement, while advanced approaches such as vaccination, gene drive technologies, and mobile health systems remain largely underutilized. Strengthening surveillance systems, improving laboratory diagnostic capacity, and enhancing public awareness are essential for effective disease control.